What steps can be taken to troubleshoot and resolve permission-related errors when using system() in PHP?

When encountering permission-related errors when using system() in PHP, you can try adjusting the permissions of the file or directory being accessed. This can be done using chmod() function to set appropriate permissions. Additionally, you may need to check the ownership of the file or directory and ensure that it is accessible by the PHP process.

// Adjust permissions of the file or directory
chmod('/path/to/file/or/directory', 0755);

// Check ownership of the file or directory
chown('/path/to/file/or/directory', 'www-data');