What steps can be taken to troubleshoot and debug PHP code that throws parse errors related to unexpected characters or missing syntax elements?

When encountering parse errors related to unexpected characters or missing syntax elements in PHP code, the first step is to carefully review the code to identify any typos, missing brackets, or incorrect syntax. Common issues include missing semicolons, parentheses, or curly braces. Using an integrated development environment (IDE) with syntax highlighting can help pinpoint the location of the error. Additionally, utilizing online PHP syntax checkers can assist in identifying and resolving syntax errors.

```php
// Example PHP code snippet with a missing semicolon causing a parse error
$variable = "Hello, World"
echo $variable;
```

In the code snippet above, the missing semicolon after the string assignment to the variable `$variable` will result in a parse error. Adding a semicolon at the end of the assignment statement will resolve the syntax error.