What potential pitfalls should be considered when using PHP to interact with a PostgreSQL database?

One potential pitfall when using PHP to interact with a PostgreSQL database is the risk of SQL injection attacks if user input is not properly sanitized. To prevent this, always use prepared statements with parameterized queries to securely pass user input to the database.

// Connect to the PostgreSQL database
$pdo = new PDO('pgsql:host=localhost;dbname=mydatabase', 'username', 'password');

// Prepare a parameterized query to prevent SQL injection
$stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = :username');

// Bind the user input to the query parameters
$stmt->bindParam(':username', $_POST['username']);

// Execute the query
$stmt->execute();

// Fetch the results
$results = $stmt->fetchAll();