What mechanisms and conversions should be applied to enhance security against hackers in PHP code?

To enhance security against hackers in PHP code, one important mechanism is to sanitize user input to prevent SQL injection attacks. This can be done by using prepared statements or parameterized queries when interacting with a database. Additionally, using functions like htmlspecialchars() can help prevent cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks by escaping special characters in user input. 

// Example of using prepared statements to prevent SQL injection
$stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = :username');
$stmt->bindParam(':username', $_POST['username']);
$stmt->execute();

// Example of using htmlspecialchars() to prevent XSS attacks
$clean_input = htmlspecialchars($_POST['input'], ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8');

Keywords

SQL injection cross-site scripting password hashing input validation secure file uploads

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