What debugging techniques, such as var_dump, can be used to troubleshoot PHP code that is not producing the expected output?

If PHP code is not producing the expected output, one common debugging technique is to use var_dump() to display the contents of variables and their data types. This can help identify any unexpected values or errors in the code. By examining the output of var_dump(), developers can pinpoint where the issue lies and make the necessary corrections.

// Example PHP code snippet using var_dump() for debugging
$variable1 = "Hello";
$variable2 = 123;
$variable3 = array(1, 2, 3);

var_dump($variable1);
var_dump($variable2);
var_dump($variable3);