What are the recommended methods for troubleshooting and resolving character encoding discrepancies between PHP scripts and MySQL data?

Character encoding discrepancies between PHP scripts and MySQL data can be resolved by ensuring that both the PHP scripts and the MySQL database are using the same character encoding. This can be done by setting the character set in both the PHP script and the MySQL connection to UTF-8.

// Set character encoding for PHP script
header('Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8');

// Set character encoding for MySQL connection
$mysqli = new mysqli("localhost", "username", "password", "database");
$mysqli->set_charset("utf8");