What are the limitations of using PHP for network scanning and how can they be mitigated?

Limitation: PHP is not well-suited for low-level network scanning tasks due to its lack of direct access to network sockets and limited support for raw packet manipulation. Mitigation: One way to overcome this limitation is to use external tools or libraries that provide the necessary functionality for network scanning, such as Nmap or libpcap.

// Example of using Nmap for network scanning in PHP
$ip = '192.168.1.1';
$output = shell_exec("nmap $ip");
echo "<pre>$output</pre>";