What are the best practices for securely implementing a login system in PHP to prevent brute-force attacks on stored passwords?

To prevent brute-force attacks on stored passwords in a PHP login system, it is essential to implement measures such as rate limiting, account lockouts, and strong password hashing algorithms like bcrypt. By limiting the number of login attempts and locking out user accounts after multiple failed attempts, you can significantly reduce the risk of brute-force attacks on stored passwords. 

// Implementing rate limiting and account lockouts in PHP login system

// Check if the user has exceeded the maximum login attempts
if ($_SESSION['login_attempts'] >= 3) {
    // Lock the user account and display an error message
    $_SESSION['account_locked'] = true;
    echo "Your account has been locked due to multiple failed login attempts. Please contact support.";
    exit;
}

// Verify the user's password using bcrypt
if (password_verify($_POST['password'], $stored_hashed_password)) {
    // Reset login attempts on successful login
    $_SESSION['login_attempts'] = 0;
    // Proceed with login
} else {
    // Increment login attempts on failed login
    $_SESSION['login_attempts']++;
    echo "Invalid username or password. Please try again.";
}

Keywords

password hashing bcrypt rate limiting session management CSRF protection

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