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What are the advantages of using prepared statements over direct SQL queries in PHP?

Using prepared statements in PHP offers several advantages over direct SQL queries, including improved security by preventing SQL injection attacks, better performance due to query caching, and easier maintenance by separating the SQL code from the data being passed into the query.

php 
// Using prepared statements to prevent SQL injection attacks
$stmt = $pdo->prepare("SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = :username");
$stmt->bindParam(':username', $username);
$stmt->execute();
$results = $stmt->fetchAll();

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