What are some common modules that PHP applications may require and how can they be loaded dynamically?

PHP applications may require common modules such as database connections, authentication systems, and caching mechanisms. These modules can be loaded dynamically using PHP's built-in function `require_once` to include the necessary files only when they are needed.

// Dynamically load a database connection module
function loadDatabaseModule() {
    require_once('database.php');
}

// Dynamically load an authentication system module
function loadAuthModule() {
    require_once('auth.php');
}

// Dynamically load a caching mechanism module
function loadCacheModule() {
    require_once('cache.php');
}