What are some best practices for debugging PHP code to identify issues such as incorrect array output or unexpected results from database queries?

When debugging PHP code to identify issues such as incorrect array output or unexpected results from database queries, one of the best practices is to use var_dump() or print_r() functions to display the contents of the array or query results. This helps in understanding the structure of the data and identifying any discrepancies. Additionally, enabling error reporting and logging can provide valuable information about any errors or warnings that occur during execution.

// Example of using var_dump() to debug array output
$array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
var_dump($array);
```

```php
// Example of using print_r() to debug database query results
$query = "SELECT * FROM table_name";
$result = mysqli_query($connection, $query);

while ($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result)) {
    print_r($row);
}