What are some alternative approaches to modifying values in a multidimensional associative array in PHP, aside from using indexes?

When modifying values in a multidimensional associative array in PHP, an alternative approach is to use references to directly modify the values without needing to use indexes. This can be achieved by assigning a reference to the specific element in the array and then modifying that reference.

<?php

// Sample multidimensional associative array
$array = [
    'key1' => [
        'subkey1' => 'value1',
        'subkey2' => 'value2'
    ],
    'key2' => [
        'subkey1' => 'value3',
        'subkey2' => 'value4'
    ]
];

// Assign a reference to the specific element in the array and modify it directly
$reference = &$array['key1']['subkey1'];
$reference = 'new value';

// Output the modified array
print_r($array);

?>