What are common issues with file permissions in PHP applications?

Common issues with file permissions in PHP applications include files not being writable or readable by the PHP process, leading to errors when trying to write to or read from files. This can be solved by setting the correct file permissions using the `chmod()` function in PHP.

// Set file permissions to allow writing and reading
$file = 'example.txt';
$permissions = 0644; // Read and write for owner, read for others
chmod($file, $permissions);