What are common challenges faced by PHP beginners when working with classes and functions?

Common challenges faced by PHP beginners when working with classes and functions include understanding object-oriented programming concepts, properly structuring classes and functions, and handling errors and exceptions effectively.

// Example code snippet demonstrating proper class and function structure

class Calculator {
    public function add($num1, $num2) {
        return $num1 + $num2;
    }
}

$calc = new Calculator();
$result = $calc->add(5, 3);
echo $result; // Output: 8