In what ways can mismatched character encodings between the database, script, and server affect the display of international characters in PHP applications?

Mismatched character encodings between the database, script, and server can lead to garbled or incorrectly displayed international characters in PHP applications. To solve this issue, ensure that all components are using the same character encoding, such as UTF-8, and set the appropriate encoding in the database connection, script headers, and server configuration. 

// Set character encoding for database connection
$pdo = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=mydatabase', 'username', 'password', array(PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND => "SET NAMES utf8"));

// Set character encoding in PHP script
header('Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8');

// Set character encoding in server configuration (e.g., Apache)
AddDefaultCharset UTF-8

Keywords

Character encoding database script server international characters

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