In the context of PHP development, how can beginners effectively troubleshoot and debug issues related to file handling and database interactions?

To effectively troubleshoot and debug issues related to file handling and database interactions in PHP, beginners can start by checking for any error messages or warnings that are being generated. They can also use functions like file_exists(), fopen(), fwrite(), and fclose() to ensure that files are being accessed and manipulated correctly. For database interactions, beginners should check their connection settings, SQL queries, and error handling mechanisms to identify and resolve any issues.

// Example code snippet for troubleshooting file handling issues
$file = 'example.txt';

if (file_exists($file)) {
    $handle = fopen($file, 'r');
    $contents = fread($handle, filesize($file));
    fclose($handle);
    
    echo $contents;
} else {
    echo 'File does not exist.';
}