How does the return value of include/require affect the output in PHP, and what steps can be taken to prevent unintended output like the "1" displayed in the thread?

The return value of include/require in PHP is a boolean that indicates whether the file was successfully included or not. If the file is successfully included, the return value is 1, which may unintentionally output "1" in the script. To prevent this unintended output, you can use output buffering to capture the output and prevent it from being displayed. 

<?php
ob_start();
include 'file.php';
ob_end_clean();

Keywords

include require return value unintended output prevention

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