How can the design of a database schema affect the efficiency of PHP scripts that perform updates based on specific criteria?

The design of a database schema can affect the efficiency of PHP scripts that perform updates based on specific criteria by influencing the complexity of the queries needed to retrieve and update data. To improve efficiency, it is important to design the database schema with proper indexing, normalization, and appropriate data types. This will help optimize the queries executed by the PHP scripts, resulting in faster performance. 

// Example of updating records in a database table based on specific criteria efficiently

// Connect to the database
$pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=localhost;dbname=mydatabase", "username", "password");

// Prepare the update query
$sql = "UPDATE mytable SET column1 = :value WHERE column2 = :criteria";

// Bind parameters
$stmt = $pdo->prepare($sql);
$stmt->bindParam(':value', $value, PDO::PARAM_STR);
$stmt->bindParam(':criteria', $criteria, PDO::PARAM_INT);

// Execute the query
$stmt->execute();

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