How can special characters and internationalized user names be handled when replacing IDs with user names in URLs in PHP?

Special characters and internationalized user names can be handled by encoding them using functions like urlencode() before including them in URLs. This ensures that the special characters are properly converted into a format that can be safely used in URLs. When replacing IDs with user names in URLs in PHP, make sure to encode the user names to prevent any issues with special characters.

// Example code snippet to replace IDs with user names in URLs while handling special characters
$userName = "Jóhn_Doe"; // Internationalized user name with special characters
$encodedUserName = urlencode($userName); // Encode the user name for safe use in URLs

$url = "https://example.com/user/" . $encodedUserName; // Construct the URL with the encoded user name
echo $url; // Output the URL with the user name replaced