How can PHP error messages like "Notice: Undefined variable" be prevented or handled effectively?

To prevent or handle PHP error messages like "Notice: Undefined variable," you can check if the variable is set before using it. This can be done using the isset() function or by using the null coalescing operator (??) to provide a default value if the variable is not set.

// Using isset() function to check if the variable is set
if(isset($variable)){
    // Your code here
}

// Using null coalescing operator to provide a default value
$variable = $variable ?? 'default_value';
// Your code here