How can PHP developers ensure that their queries are optimized and efficient when retrieving data from a database?

To ensure that queries are optimized and efficient when retrieving data from a database, PHP developers can use techniques such as indexing columns, limiting the number of columns retrieved, using parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection, and avoiding unnecessary joins. Additionally, developers can utilize tools like EXPLAIN to analyze query performance and make necessary adjustments. 

// Example of optimizing a query by indexing columns
$query = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = :username";
$stmt = $pdo->prepare($query);
$stmt->bindParam(':username', $username, PDO::PARAM_STR);
$stmt->execute();

Keywords

SQL injection indexing prepared statements caching query optimization

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