How can PHP developers ensure that special characters are handled correctly when reading and writing data to files?

Special characters can be handled correctly when reading and writing data to files in PHP by using appropriate encoding functions like `utf8_encode()` and `utf8_decode()`. Additionally, it's important to set the correct character encoding when opening files using functions like `fopen()` or `file_get_contents()`. 

// Reading data from a file with special characters
$fileContents = file_get_contents('data.txt');
$fileContents = utf8_encode($fileContents);

// Writing data to a file with special characters
$data = "Special characters: é, ü, ñ";
$data = utf8_decode($data);
file_put_contents('output.txt', $data);

Keywords

PHP special characters file handling encoding escaping

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