How can PHP developers ensure consistent character encoding across PHP files, database connections, and HTML output to avoid encoding issues?

To ensure consistent character encoding across PHP files, database connections, and HTML output, PHP developers can set the character encoding at each step. This involves specifying the character encoding in the PHP files, setting the connection character set when connecting to the database, and ensuring that the HTML output also specifies the correct character encoding. 

// Set character encoding in PHP files
header('Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8');
mb_internal_encoding('UTF-8');

// Set character encoding for database connection
$connection = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);
$connection->set_charset('utf8');

// Set character encoding for HTML output
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">

Keywords

Character encoding PHP files database connections HTML output encoding issues

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