How can PHP developers ensure consistency in character encoding between databases and web pages?

To ensure consistency in character encoding between databases and web pages, PHP developers can set the character encoding for both the database connection and the web page output to UTF-8. This can be done by specifying the character set in the database connection string and setting the content-type meta tag in the HTML header. This ensures that data is stored and displayed consistently in the desired character encoding.

// Set character encoding for database connection
$pdo = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=mydatabase;charset=utf8', 'username', 'password');

// Set character encoding for web page output
header('Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8');