How can PHP developers efficiently troubleshoot and debug time conversion issues from MySQL?

When troubleshooting time conversion issues from MySQL in PHP, developers can ensure that the time zone settings are consistent between MySQL and PHP. They can also use PHP date functions like date_default_timezone_set() to set the correct time zone for conversions. Additionally, developers can utilize MySQL functions like CONVERT_TZ() to handle time zone conversions directly in queries.

// Set the default time zone for PHP
date_default_timezone_set('America/New_York');

// Fetch the timestamp from MySQL
$query = "SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP(created_at) AS timestamp FROM table_name";
$result = mysqli_query($connection, $query);
$row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result);

// Convert the timestamp to the desired time zone
$timestamp = $row['timestamp'];
$converted_time = date('Y-m-d H:i:s', $timestamp);
echo $converted_time;