How can PHP developers effectively debug and troubleshoot time-related issues in their scripts?

Time-related issues in PHP scripts can be effectively debugged and troubleshooted by using functions like `date()`, `time()`, `strtotime()`, and `DateTime`. Additionally, using `error_log()` or `var_dump()` to output timestamps or variables can help pinpoint where the issue lies. It's also beneficial to check for timezone settings and ensure they are correctly configured.

// Example code snippet to debug time-related issues
date_default_timezone_set('America/New_York'); // Set the timezone
$timestamp = time(); // Get the current timestamp
echo date('Y-m-d H:i:s', $timestamp); // Output the formatted timestamp
error_log('Current timestamp: ' . $timestamp); // Log the timestamp for debugging