How can PHP developers effectively debug and troubleshoot code errors like parse errors?

To effectively debug and troubleshoot parse errors in PHP, developers can start by carefully reviewing the error message provided by the PHP interpreter, which typically includes information about the line number and the specific issue. Common causes of parse errors include missing semicolons, mismatched parentheses, or incorrect syntax. Once the issue is identified, developers can fix the error by making the necessary corrections in the code.

```php
// Example of a parse error due to a missing semicolon
$name = "John"
echo "Hello, $name"; // Parse error: syntax error, unexpected 'echo' (T_ECHO)
```

In this example, a parse error occurs because of the missing semicolon after the assignment of the variable `$name`. Adding a semicolon at the end of the line resolves the parse error.