How can PHP be used to determine internet bandwidth or connection speed?

To determine internet bandwidth or connection speed using PHP, you can make use of the `file_get_contents()` function to download a file from a remote server and measure the time taken to download it. By calculating the download speed based on the file size and download time, you can estimate the internet bandwidth or connection speed.

$url = 'https://example.com/file.zip';
$start_time = microtime(true);
$file_contents = file_get_contents($url);
$end_time = microtime(true);

$download_time = $end_time - $start_time;
$file_size = strlen($file_contents);
$download_speed = $file_size / $download_time;

echo "Download speed: " . round($download_speed, 2) . " bytes per second";