How can one troubleshoot when shell_exec commands do not produce any output?

If shell_exec commands do not produce any output, it could be due to a few reasons such as incorrect command syntax, permission issues, or the command not being executable. To troubleshoot this, you can try running the command directly in the terminal to see if it produces any output. You can also check the permissions of the file or command being executed to ensure it is executable.

$output = shell_exec('your_command_here 2>&1');
echo $output;