How can one troubleshoot and resolve issues related to caching in PHP to ensure smooth functionality?

To troubleshoot and resolve caching issues in PHP, one can start by clearing the cache files or folders that may be causing the problem. Additionally, checking the cache settings in the PHP configuration file (php.ini) or in the application code can help identify any misconfigurations. Utilizing cache-control headers in HTTP responses can also ensure proper caching behavior.

// Clear cache files or folders
// Example: Delete all files in the cache folder
$cacheFolder = 'path/to/cache/folder';
$files = glob($cacheFolder . '/*');
foreach ($files as $file) {
    if (is_file($file)) {
        unlink($file);
    }
}

// Check cache settings in php.ini or application code
// Example: Check if caching is enabled in php.ini
$cacheEnabled = ini_get('opcache.enable');
if ($cacheEnabled) {
    // Cache is enabled
} else {
    // Cache is disabled
}

// Utilize cache-control headers in HTTP responses
// Example: Set cache-control header to disable caching
header('Cache-Control: no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate');