How can one ensure efficient and effective conversion of special characters in PHP code?

Special characters in PHP code can be efficiently and effectively converted using the `htmlspecialchars()` function. This function converts special characters like `<`, `>`, `&`, `"`, and `'` to their corresponding HTML entities, preventing potential security vulnerabilities like cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks. 

$string = &quot;Hello &lt;script&gt;alert(&#039;XSS&#039;)&lt;/script&gt;&quot;;
$escaped_string = htmlspecialchars($string, ENT_QUOTES, &#039;UTF-8&#039;);
echo $escaped_string;

Keywords

htmlspecialchars htmlentities mb_convert_encoding UTF-8 encoding

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