How can one effectively troubleshoot and debug PHP code for issues like missing output?

To effectively troubleshoot and debug PHP code for issues like missing output, you can start by checking for syntax errors, ensuring that all necessary variables are properly initialized and used, and verifying that the code logic is correct. You can also use debugging tools like var_dump() or print_r() to inspect variables and their values at different stages of the code execution.

<?php
// Example code snippet to troubleshoot missing output
// Check for syntax errors
error_reporting(E_ALL);
ini_set('display_errors', 1);

// Ensure all necessary variables are properly initialized and used
$variable = "Hello World";
echo $variable;

// Verify the code logic is correct
if (true) {
    echo "This should be displayed.";
}
?>