How can developers troubleshoot and debug PHP scripts that are consuming excessive memory and causing errors like "Allowed memory size exhausted"?

To troubleshoot and debug PHP scripts that are consuming excessive memory and causing errors like "Allowed memory size exhausted," developers can increase the memory limit in the php.ini file or directly in the script using the ini_set() function. They can also optimize the code to reduce memory usage by identifying memory-intensive operations or variables.

// Increase memory limit in PHP script
ini_set('memory_limit', '256M');