How can debugging techniques be effectively used to troubleshoot PHP errors?

To effectively troubleshoot PHP errors, debugging techniques such as using var_dump(), print_r(), and error_reporting() can be utilized. These functions help to identify the root cause of the error by displaying the values of variables, arrays, and error messages. By strategically placing these debugging functions within the code, developers can pinpoint the exact location where the error occurs and make necessary corrections.

```php
// Example of using var_dump() to debug PHP errors
$variable = 'Hello World';
var_dump($variable);
```
In this code snippet, var_dump() is used to display the value of the variable $variable, helping to identify any issues related to its data type or value.