How can complex variables be passed in PHP without using sessions?

Complex variables can be passed in PHP without using sessions by encoding the complex variable into a JSON string and passing it through the URL parameters or in a hidden form field. On the receiving end, the JSON string can be decoded back into a complex variable for further processing.

// Encode the complex variable into a JSON string
$complexVariable = array('key1' => 'value1', 'key2' => 'value2');
$encodedComplexVariable = json_encode($complexVariable);

// Pass the JSON string through URL parameters
$url = 'http://example.com/page.php?data=' . urlencode($encodedComplexVariable);

// On the receiving end, decode the JSON string back into a complex variable
$receivedData = json_decode($_GET['data'], true);
print_r($receivedData);