Are there any best practices or guidelines for optimizing PHP code performance when querying a database for forum-related content?

When querying a database for forum-related content in PHP, it's important to optimize the code for performance by minimizing the number of queries, using indexes on columns frequently used in WHERE clauses, and avoiding unnecessary data retrieval. One way to achieve this is by using JOINs in SQL queries to fetch related data in a single query instead of making multiple queries.

// Example of using JOINs in SQL query to optimize performance when querying forum-related content
$query = "SELECT posts.id, posts.title, posts.content, users.username 
          FROM posts 
          JOIN users ON posts.user_id = users.id 
          WHERE posts.forum_id = :forum_id";

$stmt = $pdo->prepare($query);
$stmt->bindParam(':forum_id', $forum_id, PDO::PARAM_INT);
$stmt->execute();

$posts = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);

// Process and display forum-related content
foreach ($posts as $post) {
    echo "Title: " . $post['title'] . "<br>";
    echo "Content: " . $post['content'] . "<br>";
    echo "Author: " . $post['username'] . "<br><br>";
}