Are there any best practices for integrating PHP with shell scripts for batch processing?

When integrating PHP with shell scripts for batch processing, it is important to ensure proper error handling, input validation, and security measures. One common approach is to use PHP's shell_exec() function to execute shell commands within the PHP script.

// Example PHP script to integrate with shell script for batch processing
$command = 'sh batch_script.sh'; // Replace 'batch_script.sh' with the actual shell script file
$output = shell_exec($command);

if ($output === null) {
    echo "Error executing shell script";
} else {
    echo "Shell script output: " . $output;
}