Are there any best practices for handling database output in PHP to avoid errors?

When handling database output in PHP, it is important to properly sanitize and validate the data to avoid errors such as SQL injection attacks or unexpected output. One best practice is to use prepared statements with parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection. Additionally, always check the data type and format of the output before using it in your code to ensure it meets your expectations. 

// Example of using prepared statements to handle database output safely
$stmt = $pdo->prepare("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = :id");
$stmt->bindParam(':id', $id, PDO::PARAM_INT);
$stmt->execute();

while ($row = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC)) {
    // Use the fetched data safely
    $username = htmlspecialchars($row['username']);
    $email = filter_var($row['email'], FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL);
}

Keywords

SQL injection PDO prepared statements error handling data validation

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