Are there alternative methods to secure PHP applications if SSL cannot be implemented?

If SSL cannot be implemented, one alternative method to secure PHP applications is to use a combination of encryption techniques such as hashing sensitive data before storing it in the database and using secure coding practices to prevent common vulnerabilities like SQL injection and cross-site scripting. 

// Example of hashing sensitive data before storing it in the database
$password = 'mySecurePassword';
$hashedPassword = password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT);

// Example of using prepared statements to prevent SQL injection
$stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = :username');
$stmt->bindParam(':username', $username);
$stmt->execute();

// Example of escaping output to prevent cross-site scripting
echo htmlspecialchars($userInput, ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8');

Keywords

HTTPS TLS encryption secure coding practices authentication

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